What is Bicycle Day?

April 19th celebrates Bicycle Day? But what is this holiday dedicated to? Find out in this Reactions video!

This week Reactions is celebrating Bicycle day with some psychedelic science. The chemistry behind LSD has an interesting story. Chemist Albert Hofmann first discovered the psychedelic effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, or LSD-25. Today we're talking the chemical history of LSD, so get ready to turn on, tune in, but don't drop out... you might just learn something.

[Correction at 0:09 and 1:13: "Hoffman" should be spelled "Hofmann". We've added a correction (via annotation) -- we really regret missing this. Thanks to oildream for pointing this out.]

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Writer & Producer:
Kirk Zamieroski

Executive Producer:
Adam Dylewski

Scientific consultants:
Sonja Krane, Ph.D.
Darcy Gentleman, Ph.D.
Kyle Nackers

Music:
Pure Natural - Touch Me
Robert Daglio - Com Todo Meu Amor

SOURCES:

On Ergot - http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/journal/issue/journal_39_2/lee.pdf

Ergot Abortions - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2558386/?page=1

Headache remedy -
http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/migraine/medications-for-treating-migraine-attacks.html

Ergotamine - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12383066

Total Synthesis of Lysergic Acid - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01594a039

LSD: My Problem Child - http://www.maps.org/images/pdf/books/lsdmyproblemchild.pdf

Article on LSD Discovery - https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/the-accidental-discovery-of-lsd/379564/

Mystirc Chemist: The life of Albert Hofman - http://www.synergeticpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/MYSTICCHEMISTReviewCopy-final.pdf

Studies in the effects of LSD-25 - http://jamanetwork.com/journals/archneurpsyc/article-abstract/652365

Acid Dreams (book) - https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=_oq8djFLFL0C&pg=PT28&lpg=PT28&dq=Werner+Stoll+Lysergic+acid&source=bl&ots=_3dVafysrk&sig=78Cx6chDin43D0FYVF1IJ20LtQ0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi21eHtyqjSAhUDKpQKHdc3Dk4Q6AEIPzAH#v=onepage&q=Werner%20Stoll%20Lysergic%20acid&f=false

Hoffman lives past 100 - http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/campaign/watchglass/pdf/10.1021/cen-v084n009.p043?hootPostID=b7cd1d2b3bcb5637c204a96b548f6cbe

LSD test on mathematics - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00223980.1955.9916196?journalCode=vjrl20

Possible medical uses of psychedelics
http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i13/Psychedelic-compounds-like-ecstasy-just.html

LSD and Schizophrenia - http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1968/08000/Lysergic_Acid_Diethylamide__Lsd_25__and.8.aspx

LSD and Alcoholism - http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.125.10.1352

LSD issues - http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.108.12.896

More LSD Issues - http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196512022732302

US Drug Scheduling - https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_11.htm

St. Anthony’s fire and alchemy:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/776751?seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents

Ergotism and Salem witch trials possible connection
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/192/4234/21.full.pdf …
Caporeal, L.R. Ergotism: The Satan loosed in Salem? Science 1976, 192(4234), p. 21-26.


CURRENT RESEARCH IN LSD


2016: Survey of research antidepressive, anti-addictive, and anti-anxiety potentials in LSD.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2045125316638008

Jan, 2017: study in Cell investigates the crystal structure of LSD and its biochemical effect on the brain.
http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(16)31749-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867416317494%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Feb, 2017: study identifies serotonin receptor in brain respsobile for “feeling of meaning” and actually studies why LSD makes music sound.
http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)31510-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098221631510X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

Jan, 2017: A look into LSD induced psychedelic phosphenes, and the role of biocheemiluminescence.
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2016-0047/revneuro-2016-0047.xml

Jan 2017: A look into why LSD is so difficult to find in urine tests.
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.2017.55.issue-1/cclm-2016-0341/cclm-2016-0341.xml

2016: How LSD Affects Perception of Language
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23273798.2016.1217030

Jan 2016: How LSD affects Circadian Rhythm.
http://www.fasebj.org/content/30/1_Supplement/930.4.short

Ever wonder why dogs sniff each others' butts? Or how Adderall works? Or whether it's OK to pee in the pool? We've got you covered: Reactions a web series about the chemistry that surrounds you every day.

Reactions is produced by the American Chemical Society.

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